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The term cystitis means inflammation of the urinary bladder. Cats with cystitis or feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), usually present with signs of dysuria (difficult urination), pollakiuria (increased frequency of urination), haematuria, agitation or vocalisation (crying or howling) when trying to urinate, urethral obstruction, and/or periuria (inappropriate urination). In some cases the owner is unaware of an underlying urinary tract problem, and they present the cat for investigation into behavioural change, loss of house-training, aggression and/or suspected constipation. Some cats will over-groom and remove hair from their ventral abdomen and/or perineal area (presumably in response to local pain) and these may be referred as behavioural, rather than medical cases.